Ganga hindi serial dt. 21st march 2017
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In 2008, Ecuador granted legal rights to nature in its constitution (Constitution of the Republic of Ecuador 2008, articles 71–74), explicitly recognizing the rights of nature, and empowering “all persons, communities, peoples and nations call upon public agencies to enforce the rights of nature” (art 71). The concept of granting legal rights to nonhuman entities is not new (Salmond 1947, Stone 1972), but it has only recently begun to be implemented for nature. Instead legal rights comprise three elements: legal standing (the right to sue and be sued in court), the right to enter and enforce legal contracts, and the right to own property (Naffine 2009, O’Donnell and Talbot-Jones 2017). Although referred to as a legal “person,” these legal rights are not the same as human rights, which include civil and political rights. In law, this means that nature has a basic set of legal rights that grants it certain rights, duties, and responsibilities (Naffine 2003). This involves recognizing nature-either as a whole, or a specific part, such as a river-as a legal person. One such recent development has been the granting of legal personhood to nature. These problems require the development of innovative institutional arrangements that incentivize a change in the behavior of organizations and individuals (Head and Alford 2013). 2016), is a particularly pressing and difficult problem (Arthington 2012, Hall et al. The management of freshwater resources to maintain ecosystem health and well-being, as well as supporting local communities (see Bignall et al. The emerging problems involve interconnected ecological and social systems, and include ecological degradation, the under representation of indigenous peoples in decision making, declining resource availability, and climate change (Millennium Ecosystem Assessment 2005, Steffen et al. New sets of environmental pressures, unprecedented in their complexity, are confronting people around the world (OECD 2012, World Economic Forum 2015). Key words: Ganges legal rights river Victorian Environmental Water Holder Whanganui INTRODUCTION